Evaluating the Legacy Effects of the Historical Predatory Seed Harvesting on the Species Composition and Structure of the Mixed Korean Pine and Broadleaf Forest from a Landscape Perspective

Adequate seed provenance is an important guarantee for the restoration of mixed Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and broadleaf forest (MKPBF). However, commercial harvest exclusion in natural forests has led to a sharp decline economic income from timber. Given value seeds, predatory harvesting (PSH) become increasingly serious past 20 years significantly reduced seedling bank, which might seriously threaten sustainable management MKPBF. How historical PSH affected future MKPBF unclear at landscape scale. In this study, we quantified effects scale by model LANDIS PRO, then assessed legacy on composition structure Xiaoxing’an Mountains, Northeast China. Our results showed that decreased basal area all age cohorts, with average decrease 0.06 0.19 m2 ha?1 but insignificantly altered diversity throughout simulation. indicated remarkably dominance 11.1%, increased spruce (Picea koraiensis Picea jezoensis) fir (Abies nephrolepis) 3.8% 4.5%, respectively, had insignificant effect other tree species over We found evidently changed succession trajectories disturbed stands, would result transition pattern dominated fir. The importance 12.2% it 5.1% 6.0% fir, resulted 33.2% increase dissimilarity index compared initial state during whole simulation period. Future should strictly limit intensity rotation protect consider how ensure recovery through direct seeding or planting.